InterPAD - DETAILS

(+-)-sulforaphane, (R)-sulforaphane, (S)-sulforaphane, 1-isothiocyanato-4-methylsulphinylbutane, 4-methylsulfoxybutylisothiocyanate, sulforafan, sulforaphane, sulforaphane, (R)-, sulphoraphane

No.	Title	Href
1	Synergy between sulforaphane and selenium in protection against oxidative damage in colonic CCD841 cells. Nutr Res. 2015 Jul;35(7):610-7. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.05.011.	`Click`
2	Anticancer effect and safety of doxorubicin and nutraceutical sulforaphane liposomal formulation in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) animal model. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023 May;161:114490. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114490.	`Click`
3	Sulforaphane-cisplatin combination inhibits the stemness and metastatic potential of TNBCs via down regulation of sirtuins-mediated EMT signaling axis. Phytomedicine. 2021 Apr;84:153492. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153492.	`Click`
4	High Levels of Apoptosis Are Induced in the Human Colon Cancer HT-29 Cell Line by Co-Administration of Sulforaphane and a Peptide Nucleic Acid Targeting miR-15b-5p. Nucleic Acid Ther. 2020 Jun;30(3):164-174. doi: 10.1089/nat.2019.0825.	`Click`
5	Co-Treatment with Sulforaphane and Nano-Metformin Molecules Accelerates Apoptosis in HER2+ Breast Cancer Cells by Inhibiting Key Molecules. Nutr Cancer. 2020;72(5):835-848. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1655073.	`Click`
6	Autophagic cell death and premature senescence: New mechanism of 5-fluorouracil and sulforaphane synergistic anticancer effect in MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cell line. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018 Jan;111:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.056.	`Click`
7	Sulforaphane is Synergistic with CB-5083 and Inhibits Colony Formation of CB-5083-Resistant HCT116 Cells. ChemMedChem. 2022 Jun 3;17(11):e202200030. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.202200030.	`Click`
8	Therapeutic Mechanism of Lapatinib Combined with Sulforaphane on Gastric Cancer. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Sep 18;2021:9933274. doi: 10.1155/2021/9933274.	`Click`
9	Pro-oxidant activity of sulforaphane and cisplatin potentiates apoptosis and simultaneously promotes autophagy in malignant mesothelioma cells. Mol Med Rep. 2017 Aug;16(2):2133-2141. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6789.	`Click`
10	Sulforaphane overcomes T790M-mediated gefitinib resistance in vitro through epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2021 Oct;72(5). doi: 10.26402/jpp.2021.5.09.	`Click`
11	Chronic Sulforaphane Administration Inhibits Resistance to the mTOR-Inhibitor Everolimus in Bladder Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 4;21(11):4026. doi: 10.3390/ijms21114026.	`Click`
12	mTOR inhibitor PP242 increases antitumor activity of sulforaphane by blocking Akt/mTOR pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep. 2022 Jan;49(1):451-461. doi: 10.1007/s11033-021-06895-9.	`Click`
13	In Vitro Evaluation of Sulforaphane and a Natural Analog as Potent Inducers of 5-Fluorouracil Anticancer Activity. Molecules. 2018 Nov 21;23(11):3040. doi: 10.3390/molecules23113040.	`Click`
14	Sulforaphane Preconditioning Sensitizes Human Colon Cancer Cells towards the Bioreductive Anticancer Prodrug PR-104A. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 7;11(3):e0150219. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150219.	`Click`
15	Sulforaphane Potentiates Gemcitabine-Mediated Anti-Cancer Effects against Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma by Inhibiting HDAC Activity. Cells. 2023 Feb 22;12(5):687. doi: 10.3390/cells12050687.	`Click`
16	Sulforaphane enhances the therapeutic potential of TRAIL in prostate cancer orthotopic model through regulation of apoptosis, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1;14(21):6855-66. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0903.	`Click`
17	The Combination of Sulforaphane and Fernblock® XP Improves Individual Beneficial Effects in Normal and Neoplastic Human Skin Cell Lines. Nutrients. 2020 May 30;12(6):1608. doi: 10.3390/nu12061608.	`Click`
18	Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth by the combination of clofarabine and sulforaphane involves epigenetically mediated CDKN2A upregulation. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2018;37(5):280-289. doi: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1453075.	`Click`
19	Sulforaphane enhances the cisplatin sensitivity through regulating DNA repair and accumulation of intracellular cisplatin in ovarian cancer cells. Exp Cell Res. 2020 Aug 15;393(2):112061. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112061.	`Click`
20	Human bronchial carcinoid tumor initiating cells are targeted by the combination of acetazolamide and sulforaphane. BMC Cancer. 2019 Aug 30;19(1):864. doi: 10.1186/s12885-019-6018-1.	`Click`
21	Effect of Sulforaphane and 5-Aza-2'-Deoxycytidine on Melanoma Cell Growth. Medicines (Basel). 2019 Jun 27;6(3):71. doi: 10.3390/medicines6030071.	`Click`
22	Sulforaphane reverses gefitinib tolerance in human lung cancer cells via modulation of sonic hedgehog signaling. Oncol Lett. 2018 Jan;15(1):109-114. doi: 10.3892/ol.2017.7293.	`Click`
23	Sulforaphane reverses chemo-resistance to temozolomide in glioblastoma cells by NF-κB-dependent pathway downregulating MGMT expression. Int J Oncol. 2016 Feb;48(2):559-68. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3271.	`Click`

No.

Title

Href

Synergy between sulforaphane and selenium in protection against oxidative damage in colonic CCD841 cells. Nutr Res. 2015 Jul;35(7):610-7. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.05.011.

Click

Anticancer effect and safety of doxorubicin and nutraceutical sulforaphane liposomal formulation in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) animal model. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023 May;161:114490. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114490.

Click

Sulforaphane-cisplatin combination inhibits the stemness and metastatic potential of TNBCs via down regulation of sirtuins-mediated EMT signaling axis. Phytomedicine. 2021 Apr;84:153492. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153492.

Click

High Levels of Apoptosis Are Induced in the Human Colon Cancer HT-29 Cell Line by Co-Administration of Sulforaphane and a Peptide Nucleic Acid Targeting miR-15b-5p. Nucleic Acid Ther. 2020 Jun;30(3):164-174. doi: 10.1089/nat.2019.0825.

Click

Co-Treatment with Sulforaphane and Nano-Metformin Molecules Accelerates Apoptosis in HER2+ Breast Cancer Cells by Inhibiting Key Molecules. Nutr Cancer. 2020;72(5):835-848. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1655073.

Click

Autophagic cell death and premature senescence: New mechanism of 5-fluorouracil and sulforaphane synergistic anticancer effect in MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cell line. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018 Jan;111:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.056.

Click

Sulforaphane is Synergistic with CB-5083 and Inhibits Colony Formation of CB-5083-Resistant HCT116 Cells. ChemMedChem. 2022 Jun 3;17(11):e202200030. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.202200030.

Click

Therapeutic Mechanism of Lapatinib Combined with Sulforaphane on Gastric Cancer. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Sep 18;2021:9933274. doi: 10.1155/2021/9933274.

Click

Pro-oxidant activity of sulforaphane and cisplatin potentiates apoptosis and simultaneously promotes autophagy in malignant mesothelioma cells. Mol Med Rep. 2017 Aug;16(2):2133-2141. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6789.

Click

Sulforaphane overcomes T790M-mediated gefitinib resistance in vitro through epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2021 Oct;72(5). doi: 10.26402/jpp.2021.5.09.

Click

Chronic Sulforaphane Administration Inhibits Resistance to the mTOR-Inhibitor Everolimus in Bladder Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 4;21(11):4026. doi: 10.3390/ijms21114026.

Click

mTOR inhibitor PP242 increases antitumor activity of sulforaphane by blocking Akt/mTOR pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep. 2022 Jan;49(1):451-461. doi: 10.1007/s11033-021-06895-9.

Click

In Vitro Evaluation of Sulforaphane and a Natural Analog as Potent Inducers of 5-Fluorouracil Anticancer Activity. Molecules. 2018 Nov 21;23(11):3040. doi: 10.3390/molecules23113040.

Click

Sulforaphane Preconditioning Sensitizes Human Colon Cancer Cells towards the Bioreductive Anticancer Prodrug PR-104A. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 7;11(3):e0150219. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150219.

Click

Sulforaphane Potentiates Gemcitabine-Mediated Anti-Cancer Effects against Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma by Inhibiting HDAC Activity. Cells. 2023 Feb 22;12(5):687. doi: 10.3390/cells12050687.

Click

Sulforaphane enhances the therapeutic potential of TRAIL in prostate cancer orthotopic model through regulation of apoptosis, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1;14(21):6855-66. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0903.

Click

The Combination of Sulforaphane and Fernblock® XP Improves Individual Beneficial Effects in Normal and Neoplastic Human Skin Cell Lines. Nutrients. 2020 May 30;12(6):1608. doi: 10.3390/nu12061608.

Click

Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth by the combination of clofarabine and sulforaphane involves epigenetically mediated CDKN2A upregulation. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2018;37(5):280-289. doi: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1453075.

Click

Sulforaphane enhances the cisplatin sensitivity through regulating DNA repair and accumulation of intracellular cisplatin in ovarian cancer cells. Exp Cell Res. 2020 Aug 15;393(2):112061. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112061.

Click

Human bronchial carcinoid tumor initiating cells are targeted by the combination of acetazolamide and sulforaphane. BMC Cancer. 2019 Aug 30;19(1):864. doi: 10.1186/s12885-019-6018-1.

Click

Effect of Sulforaphane and 5-Aza-2'-Deoxycytidine on Melanoma Cell Growth. Medicines (Basel). 2019 Jun 27;6(3):71. doi: 10.3390/medicines6030071.

Click

Sulforaphane reverses gefitinib tolerance in human lung cancer cells via modulation of sonic hedgehog signaling. Oncol Lett. 2018 Jan;15(1):109-114. doi: 10.3892/ol.2017.7293.

Click

Sulforaphane reverses chemo-resistance to temozolomide in glioblastoma cells by NF-κB-dependent pathway downregulating MGMT expression. Int J Oncol. 2016 Feb;48(2):559-68. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3271.

Click

Name	Sulforaphane
PubChem CID	5350
Molecular Weight	177.3g/mol
Synonyms	(+-)-sulforaphane, (R)-sulforaphane, (S)-sulforaphane, 1-isothiocyanato-4-methylsulphinylbutane, 4-methylsulfoxybutylisothiocyanate, sulforafan, sulforaphane, sulforaphane, (R)-, sulphoraphane
Formula	C₆H₁₁NOS₂
SMILES	CS(=O)CCCCN=C=S
InChI	1S/C6H11NOS2/c1-10(8)5-3-2-4-7-6-9/h2-5H2,1H3
InChIKey	SUVMJBTUFCVSAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Number	4478-93-7
ChEMBL ID	CHEMBL48802
ChEBI ID	CHEBI:47807
Herb ID	HBIN045133
Drug Bank ID	DB12422
Structure		Download 2D MOL 3D MOL

Chineses Pinyin	GanLan
Habitat	China
Species	>Kingdom: Viridiplantae 　-->Phylum: Streptophyta 　　-->Class: Equisetopsida 　　　-->Order: Brassicales 　　　　-->Family: Brassicaceae 　　　　　-->Genus: Brassica 　　　　　　-->Species: Brassica oleracea

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, Cisplatin
Partner Name	Cisplatin
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2C60]	Breast cancer		Investigative
Biological Phenomena	Inhibition-->Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Gene Regulation	Up-regulation	Expression	CDH1	hsa999
	Down-regulation	Expression	CDH2	hsa1000
	Up-regulation	Expression	CLDN1	hsa9076
	Down-regulation	Expression	CTNNB1	hsa1499
	Down-regulation	Expression	MMP2	hsa4313
	Down-regulation	Expression	MMP9	hsa4318
	Down-regulation	Expression	SIRT1	hsa23411
	Down-regulation	Expression	SIRT2	hsa22933
	Down-regulation	Expression	SIRT3	hsa23410
	Down-regulation	Expression	SIRT5	hsa23408
	Down-regulation	Expression	SIRT7	hsa51547
	Down-regulation	Expression	SNAI1	hsa6615
	Down-regulation	Expression	SNAI2	hsa6591
	Up-regulation	Expression	TJP1	hsa7082
	Down-regulation	Expression	VIM	hsa7431
	Down-regulation	Expression	ZEB1	hsa6935
In Vitro Model	MDA-MB-468	Breast adenocarcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0419
In Vitro Model	MDA-MB-231	Breast adenocarcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0062
Result	The results of the current study suggests that CIS when supplemented with SFN, inhibits metastasis and stemness potential of TNBC cells by down regulating SIRTs-mediated EMT cascade. Overall this study affirms that, this novel combination could be a promising strategy against SIRT-mediated TNBC metastasis and CIS-resistance.

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, MiR-15b-5p
Partner Name	MiR-15b-5p
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2B90]	Colon cancer		Investigative
Biological Phenomena	Induction-->Apoptosis
Gene Regulation	Up-regulation	Expression	BAK1	hsa578
	Up-regulation	Expression	CASP3	hsa836
	Up-regulation	Expression	CASP7	hsa840
	Down-regulation	Expression	MIR15B	hsa406949
	Up-regulation	Expression	TP53	hsa7157
In Vitro Model	HT-29	Colon adenocarcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0320
Result	Our data demonstrate that this combined treatment leads to a very high proportion of apoptotic HT-29 cells (over 85%), a value higher than the sum of the values of apoptotic cells obtained after singularly administered regents (either SFN or R8-PNA-a15b).

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, Metformin
Partner Name	Metformin
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2C60]	Breast cancer		Investigative
Biological Phenomena	Induction-->Apoptosis
Gene Regulation	Up-regulation	Expression	BAX	hsa581
	Down-regulation	Expression	BCL2	hsa596
	Down-regulation	Expression	CD44	hsa960
	Down-regulation	Expression	CTNNB1	hsa1499
	Down-regulation	Expression	ERBB2	hsa2064
	Down-regulation	Expression	SRC	hsa6714
	Down-regulation	Expression	WNT1	hsa7471
In Vitro Model	BT-474	Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0179
Result	Our data indicate that SLFN and MTFN can reduce cancer cell viability via both collaborative and differential effects and suggest that MTFN increases SLFN effectiveness by targeting common molecules/pathways downstream of HER2 and key for CSC signaling.

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, Fluorouracil
Partner Name	Fluorouracil
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2C60]	Breast cancer		Investigative
Biological Phenomena	Induction-->Autophagy
Gene Regulation	Up-regulation	Expression	BAX	hsa581
	Down-regulation	Expression	BCL2	hsa596
	Up-regulation	Expression	CASP3	hsa836
	Down-regulation	Expression	CASP8	hsa841
	Down-regulation	Expression	CCNB1	hsa891
	Up-regulation	Expression	MAP1LC3B	hsa81631
	Down-regulation	Expression	TYMS	hsa7298
In Vitro Model	MDA-MB-231	Breast adenocarcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0062
Result	Studies of the interaction mechanism have revealed that sulforaphane and 5-fluorouracil act synergistically in the MDA-MB-231 cells by inducing autophagic cell death and premature senescence.

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, CB-5083
Partner Name	CB-5083
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2B90]	Colon cancer		Investigative
Gene Regulation	Down-regulation	Expression	BCL-xL	hsa598
	Up-regulation	Expression	DDIT3	hsa1649
	Down-regulation	Expression	EGFR	hsa1956
	Down-regulation	Activity	NFKB1	hsa4790
	Up-regulation	Phosphorylation	NFKBIA	hsa4792
	Up-regulation	Expression	RELA	hsa5970
	Down-regulation	Expression	SNAI1	hsa6615
	Down-regulation	Expression	TWIST1	hsa7291
In Vitro Model	HCT 116	Colon carcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0291
Result	The combination of Sulforaphane and CB-5083 may be a useful treatment strategy to combat CB-5083 resistance.

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, Lapatinib
Partner Name	Lapatinib
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2B72]	Gastric cancer		Investigative
Biological Phenomena	Induction-->Blockade of cell cycle in G0/G1 phase
Gene Regulation	Down-regulation	Phosphorylation	AKT1	hsa207
	Down-regulation	Phosphorylation	ERBB2	hsa2064
	Down-regulation	Phosphorylation	MAPK1	hsa5594
In Vitro Model	SGC-7901	Human papillomavirus-related cervical adenocarcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0520
Result	Therapeutic Mechanism of Lapatinib Combined with Sulforaphane on Gastric Cancer

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, Gefitinib
Partner Name	Gefitinib
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2C25]	Lung cancer		Investigative
Gene Regulation	Down-regulation	Phosphorylation	AKT1	hsa207
	Up-regulation	Expression	CDH1	hsa999
	Down-regulation	Expression	CDH2	hsa1000
	Up-regulation	Expression	CLDN1	hsa9076
	Down-regulation	Phosphorylation	EGFR	hsa1956
	Down-regulation	Phosphorylation	MAPK1	hsa5594
	Down-regulation	Expression	VIM	hsa7431
In Vitro Model	PC-9	Lung adenocarcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_B260
Result	SFN overcame T790M-mediated gefitinib resistance in vitro through EMT. Thus, a combination of gefitinib and SFN may be a beneficial treatment strategy for lung cancer patients with acquired resistance due to T790M mutation.

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, Everolimus
Partner Name	Everolimus
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2C94]	Bladder cancer		Investigative
Gene Regulation	Down-regulation	Phosphorylation	AKT1	hsa207
	Up-regulation	Expression	AKT1	hsa207
	Down-regulation	Expression	CCNA2	hsa890
	Down-regulation	Expression	CCNB1	hsa891
	Up-regulation	Phosphorylation	CDK1	hsa983
	Down-regulation	Phosphorylation	CDK2	hsa1017
	Up-regulation	Expression	CDKN2D	hsa1032
	Up-regulation	Expression	H3C14	hsa126961
	Up-regulation	Expression	HRH4	hsa59340
	Down-regulation	Expression	PSMD9	hsa5715
	Down-regulation	Phosphorylation	RICTOR	hsa253260
	Up-regulation	Phosphorylation	RPTOR	hsa57521
In Vitro Model	RT-112	Bladder carcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_1670
	UM-UC-3	Bladder carcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_1783
	TCCSUP	Bladder carcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_1738
Result	The addition of SFN to the long-term everolimus application inhibits resistance development in bladder cancer cells in vitro. Therefore, sulforaphane may hold potential for treating bladder carcinoma in patients with resistance to an mTOR inhibitor.

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, PP242
Partner Name	PP242
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2B70]	Esophageal cancer		Investigative
Biological Phenomena	Induction-->Apoptosis
Gene Regulation	Down-regulation	Phosphorylation	AKT1	hsa207
	Down-regulation	Phosphorylation	AKT1S1	hsa84335
	Up-regulation	Expression	BAX	hsa581
	Up-regulation	Cleavage	CASP9	hsa842
	Down-regulation	Phosphorylation	RICTOR	hsa253260
	Down-regulation	Phosphorylation	RPS6KB1	hsa6198
In Vitro Model	Eca-109	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_6898
In Vitro Model	EC9706	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_E307
Result	Our findings demonstrate that PP242 enhances the anti-tumor activity of SFN by blocking SFN-induced activation of Akt/mTOR pathway in ESCC, which provides a rationale for treating ESCC using SFN combined with Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors.

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, PR-104A
Partner Name	PR-104A
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2B90]	Colon cancer		Investigative
Gene Regulation	Up-regulation	Expression	AKR1C3	hsa8644
In Vitro Model	HT-29	Colon adenocarcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0320
In Vitro Model	SW620	Colon adenocarcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0547
Result	The enhanced response of PR-104A after preconditioning with SF was apparent only in cancer cells provided that AKR1C3 is expressed, while its expression in non-cancerous cells did not elicit such a response. Therefore, a subset of cancers may be susceptible to combined food-derived component and prodrug treatments with no harm to normal tissues.

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, Gemcitabine
Partner Name	Gemcitabine
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2C12]	Hepatocellular carcinoma		Investigative
Biological Phenomena	Induction-->Blockade of cell cycle in G2/M phase
Gene Regulation	Up-regulation	Expression	BAX	hsa581
	Down-regulation	Expression	BCL2	hsa596
	Down-regulation	Phosphorylation	CDC25C	hsa995
	Up-regulation	Expression	CDKN1A	hsa1026
	Up-regulation	Phosphorylation	CHEK2	hsa11200
In Vitro Model	HuCC-T1	Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0324
In Vitro Model	HuH-28	Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_2955
In Vivo Model	A million cells were suspended in 200 μL of medium containing Matrigel (Corning, Tewksbury, MA, USA; 1:1), and the same type of 1×10⁶ cells was inoculated subcutaneously into the bilateral flanks of each mouse.
Result	Sulforaphane Potentiates Gemcitabine-Mediated Anti-Cancer Effects against Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma by Inhibiting HDAC Activity

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand
Partner Name	TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2C82]	Prostate cancer		Investigative
Biological Phenomena	Inhibition-->Angiogenesis
Gene Regulation	Up-regulation	Expression	BAK1	hsa578
	Up-regulation	Expression	BAX	hsa581
	Down-regulation	Expression	BCL2	hsa596
	Down-regulation	Expression	BCL-xL	hsa598
	Up-regulation	Cleavage	CASP3	hsa836
	Down-regulation	Expression	CCNB1	hsa891
	Down-regulation	Expression	CDH13	hsa1012
	Down-regulation	Expression	CDK1	hsa983
In Vitro Model	PC-3	Prostate carcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0035
In Vitro Model	LNCaP	Prostate carcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0395
In Vivo Model	Mice were inoculated with PC-3 cells (1×10⁶ per 100 AL medium) into the dorsolateral lobe of the prostatic capsule.
Result	The ability of sulforaphane to inhibit tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis and to enhance the therapeutic potential of TRAIL suggests that sulforaphane alone or in combination with TRAIL can be used for the management of prostate cancer.

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, Fernblock® XP
Partner Name	Fernblock® XP
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2C30]	Melanoma		Investigative
Biological Phenomena	Inhibition-->Cell metastasis
Gene Regulation	Down-regulation	Expression	IL1B	hsa3553
	Down-regulation	Expression	MMP1	hsa4312
	Down-regulation	Expression	MMP3	hsa4314
In Vitro Model	WM115	Melanoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0040
In Vitro Model	WM266-4	Melanoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_2765
Result	SFN/FB was more efficient than SFN or FB alone in inhibiting MMP-1 and -3 production and IL-1β secretion in the presence of a pro-inflammatory stimulus such as TNF-α. The potential use of SFN/FB based supplements for the prevention of skin aging and as adjuvants in the treatment of advanced melanoma is suggested.

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, Clofarabine
Partner Name	Clofarabine
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2C60]	Breast cancer		Investigative
Gene Regulation	Up-regulation	Expression	CDKN2A	hsa1029
In Vitro Model	MCF-7	Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0031
In Vitro Model	MDA-MB-231	Breast adenocarcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0062
Result	We showed that clofarabine in combination with sulforaphane, a phytochemical from cruciferous vegetables, significantly reactivates DNA methylation-silenced CDKN2A tumour suppressor and inhibits cancer cell growth at a non-invasive breast cancer stage.

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, Acetazolamide
Partner Name	Acetazolamide
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2C25]	Lung cancer		Investigative
Gene Regulation	Down-regulation	Expression	NANOGNB	hsa360030
	Down-regulation	Expression	POU5F1	hsa5460
	Down-regulation	Expression	SOX2	hsa6657
In Vitro Model	NCI-H727	Lung carcinoid tumor	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_1584
In Vitro Model	NCI-H720	Lung carcinoid tumor	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_1583
In Vivo Model	H727 and H720 parental and 3rd generation spheroid cells (3×10⁴) were injected into the subcutaneous inguinal fat pad of NOD/SCID mice.
Result	Human bronchial carcinoid tumor cells serially passaged as spheroids contain a higher fraction of TIC exhibiting a stemness phenotype. This TIC population can be effectively targeted by the combination of AZ + SFN. Our work portends clinical relevance and supports the therapeutic use of the novel AZ+ SFN combination that may target the TIC population of bronchial carcinoids.

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, Decitabine
Partner Name	Decitabine
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2C30]	Melanoma		Investigative
In Vitro Model	B16-F10	Mouse melanoma	Mus musculus (Mouse)	CVCL_0159
Result	These results indicate a potential combinatorial effect of a dietary antioxidant and an FDA-approved epigenetic drug in controlling melanoma cell growth.

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, Temozolomide
Partner Name	Temozolomide
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2A00]	Glioblastoma multiforme		Investigative
Biological Phenomena	Induction-->Apoptosis
Gene Regulation	Up-regulation	Expression	CASP3	hsa836
	Down-regulation	Expression	MGMT	hsa4255
	Down-regulation	Expression	MKI67	hsa4288
	Down-regulation	Expression	MMP2	hsa4313
	Down-regulation	Expression	MMP9	hsa4318
	Down-regulation	Expression	RELA	hsa5970
In Vitro Model	U-87MG ATCC	Glioblastoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0022
In Vitro Model	U-373MG ATCC	Astrocytoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_2219
In Vivo Model	Nude mouse models were established with U373-R GBM cells inoculated subcutaneously into the right flanks of 4–6-week-old female mice.
Result	The present study suggests that the clinical efficacy of TMZ-based chemotherapy in TMZ-resistant GBM may be improved by combination with SFN.

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, Selenium
Partner Name	Selenium
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2B90]	Colon cancer		Investigative
Biological Phenomena	Induction-->Protection oxidative damage
Gene Regulation	Up-regulation	Expression	NFE2L2	hsa4780
Gene Regulation	Up-regulation	Expression	TXNRD1	hsa7296
In Vitro Model	CCD-841CoN	Healthy	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_2871
Result	Combined SFN and Se treatment synergistically upregulated TrxR-1, which plays a significant role in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis and contributed to the SFN-induced protection against free radical-mediated oxidative damage in normal colonic cells.

Pair Name	Sulforaphane, Doxorubicin
Partner Name	Doxorubicin
Disease Info	[ICD-11: 2C60]	Breast cancer		Investigative
Biological Phenomena	Induction-->Mitosis
In Vitro Model	MDA-MB-231	Breast adenocarcinoma	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0062
	MCF-10A	Healthy	Homo sapiens (Human)	CVCL_0598
In Vivo Model	The 2×10⁵ 4T1 cells from in vitro culture in 0.05 mL PBS were injected into the mammary fat pad.
Result	Anticancer effect and safety of doxorubicin and nutraceutical sulforaphane liposomal formulation in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) animal model